MSM’s concerns about TFSV and the high rates of TFSV against them underscore the importance of understanding how MSM navigate issues of consent as they encounter unsolicited DPs on dating apps, particularly since about one in ten MSM feels disrespected or violated by such images (Marcotte et al., 2020). MSM dating app users are more than twice as likely as the general population to experience image-based sexual abuse (Waldman, 2019), and about one in three MSM has experienced unwanted sexual behavior online in the past 12 months (Jaffray, 2020). These concerns are not unfounded, as recent research found that MSM experience sexual violence in both their online and in-person interactions with other dating app users (Dietzel, 2021). Men who have sex with men (MSM) are concerned about experiencing TFSV when connecting with someone via online dating (Corriero & Tong, 2016 Albury & Byron, 2016 Bauermeister et al., 2014). Within the literature on sexual harassment, DPs have been identified as a form of technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV), which is defined as a range of non-consensual sexual acts that are carried out online and in person (Powell & Henry, 2017 Henry & Powell, 2016). Literature on sexting generally frames unsolicited DPs as non-consensual, even though sexting itself can be consensual or non-consensual (Krieger, 2017). Despite years of media attention on unsolicited DPs (Mandau, 2019 Paasonen et al., 2019), research in this field is limited and largely situates unsolicited DPs within the contexts of sexting and sexual harassment (Waling & Pym, 2017 Waling et al., 2020). These findings shed light on the complexities of unsolicited DPs and indicate the need to (re)examine definitions of technology-facilitated violence and explore MSM’s consent practices within the context of dating apps.ĭefined as a photo of a penis that is sent without verifying that the recipient wants to receive it, the unsolicited “dick pic” (DP) has been described as a common phenomenon in contemporary online dating culture (Mandau, 2019). However, there were variations in participants’ experiences and some participants did not characterize unsolicited DPs as problematic or non-consensual, which challenges the notion that MSM always experience these images as sexually violent. It is argued that MSM have trivialized unsolicited DPs and that these images are, according to current definitions, a form of technology-facilitated sexual violence that MSM experience on dating apps. Unsolicited DPs were found to be sent for a variety of reasons, including to compliment the recipient and to coerce them into replying with sexual images.
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Seven factors, including the attractiveness of the sender and the DP, had an impact on MSM’s experiences. Analysis of interviews with 25 MSM dating app users in Canada revealed three “dimensions” of unsolicited DPs-consensual, wanted, and typical-that capture users’ experiences of receiving such images relative to consent and sexual violence frameworks.
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This study investigated the experiences that MSM have with sending and receiving unsolicited DPs on dating apps. While men who have sex with men (MSM) experience elevated rates of technology-facilitated sexual violence, much of the research has focused on interactions between heterosexual men and women.
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The unsolicited “dick pic” (DP), which refers to a photo of a penis that is sent without the consent of the recipient, has been identified as a form of technology-facilitated sexual violence (Powell & Henry, 2017).